动词不定式是非谓语动词之一,其形式为to+动词原形。不定式有将来意,有要做而未做的意味。
莎翁的戏剧《Hamlet》里有一名句:
To be or not to be, that's a question.
生存或毁灭,这是个问题。
To be or not to be, 就是典型的不定式当名词用,作that的同位语。
动词不定式有三种用法,当名词用,当形容词用,当副词用。
名词可作主语,宾语或表语。
做主语
To be the first every time is difficult.
每次都考第一是不容易的。
当然更常用的方式是用it作形式主语。
It is difficult to be the first every time.
It作形式主语的例子就很多了。
It is dangerous for the children to walk around alone.
让小孩子自己随处走是危险的。
注意否定的用法,Not to+动词原形
Not to be rude is the first step of being polite.
不粗鲁是有礼貌的第一步。
Not to depend on others is the key to success.
不依赖他人是成功的关键。
做宾语
I like to eat apple.
我喜欢吃苹果。To eat apple是like的宾语。
因为是名词,所以和动名词的意义一样,I like eating apple.
The problem is where to find a doctor. It is deep in night.
问题是哪里去找个医生。现在是深夜。
和not一样,where等疑问词也是直接加to前。
作表语
My only fault is to treat others too kind.
我唯一的缺点是待人太好了。
Your task is to make 100 items before sunset.
你的任务是在日落前完成100件。
Give me something to eat.
给我一些吃的东西。
I don't have a chance to say hello to her in the party.
在宴会上,我没有找到和她打招呼的机会。
有人会说,形容词不是一般都在动词前吗?这个to eat为什么在something后面呢。汉语语序和英语语序本来就不是完全对应的。在英语中,
例如,
a bird standing on a wire
站在电线上的鸟儿
the clothes you wear at the party
你想在宴会上穿的衣服
主要是表目的。
She went to the store to buy clothes.
她去商店买衣服。
to buy clothes表示的事went to the store的目的,所以是功能是状语。
He went to the cinema to watch The Wandering Earth.
他去电影院看流浪地球。